`` 1493 Uncovering The New World Columbus Created By...

In the novel, 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created, Charles C. Mann enlightens and captures how Columbus’s expeditions united the lands of Eurasia and America. It is a well-written and informational book that successfully displays much of the development and foundation of our present all from the European discovery of the new world. Charles C. Mann’s main objective with this book was to extend on the geographer, Alfred W Crosby’s explanation of â€Å"Ecological Imperialism.† 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created is fragmented into four sections and organized chronologically. The first section is Atlantic Journeys. Atlantic Journeys explains the establishment of the Columbian Exchange. English settlers arrived in Chesapeake Bay on May 14, 1607. They docked in the James River on a Native American empire, Tsenacomoco. In 1610, John Rolfe transplanted tobacco seeds from Venezuela. Six years later he traded tobacco for English dirt, which brought the life source of earthworms to America. European powers turn Virginia into a tobacco-producing machine on the global market (95). From 1607 to 1624 tobacco spreads to China, Dheli, Istanbul, and Mughal empires. Tobacco brought malaria and yellow fever to the Americas. Then sugarcane spread malaria to the Caribbean and Mexico. By 1620, American tobacco is at its highest profit. Such income led colonists to create a representational body in the colonies in 1619. The Colombian exchange raised the price of in dentured

The Compromise Of Personal Moral Standards - 1678 Words

Macbeth: The Compromise of Personal Moral Standards Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare in the early 1600’s in the time of King James I. King James I was James VI of Scotland before succeeding to the crown of England in the early 1600’s. Macbeth was written to please King James I as he had a desire to study the supernatural and their ability to control fate. The idea that everything moral has an evil counterpart can cause someone to struggle to maintain or regain their moral standards is one that can be explained with examples of betrayal, fate and freewill, and gender role reversal. Betrayal leads to corruptions of the mind, thoughts, and thinking process, and causes people to belong to a personality they do not like. Fate and freewill can compromise someone’s future when he or she makes unruly decisions and forgets to act maturely and instead reacts solely to the situation at hand. Gender role reversal causes thoughts and doubt based on a person’ s gender, because of this, this person begins to judge others when judgment is not required and thinks differently about his or her own self and role in society, he or she is compromising moral standards. When personal moral standards are compromised or corrupted, either in individual situations or generally over time, a person will struggle to regain the previously held moral standards. This is how personal morals and natural balance and order is affected by wrong-doings and temptations both in reality and in Macbeth.Show MoreRelatedMoral Dilemm Right Vs Right Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pages Moral Dilemma Right versus right moral dilemma causes conflict which is recognized in the two cases and each case, a person considers themselves as having moral intentions. The moral dilemma is about an attorney’s emotional conflict with his professional obligations. â€Å"A right versus right situation occurs when one is faced with an urgent and intricate situation that makes you make choices about your integrity and moral character† (Badaracco Jr., 2009). The essential features of a moral dilemmaRead MoreProfessional Responsibility Of Coaches And Athletic Personnel792 Words   |  4 PagesCoaches and athletic personnel are examples of ethical behavior in their personal and professional lives. They must have a clear perspective for their role and responsibility toward the organization, the team, and the athlete. Therefore, it is important to give consideration to the relationship between personal and professional responsibility; and also to whether there are limitations to loyal ty to the organization or team. Personal and Professional Responsibility Many argue that what one believesRead MoreReview Of Legend By Marie Lu1391 Words   |  6 Pagestrue freedom.† Similarly in Marie Lu’s Legend, the main characters, June and Day struggle with their own morality, thus showing the audience the effect of compromise on the individual. Their struggles make them do immoral acts. June and Day do not follow the compulsions of ‘shoulds’ or ‘likes’, they show true freedom through their ways of compromise. Legend by Marie Lu, is told from two perspectives; June and day. The two characters grow up from different sectors; June from the high sector, and DayRead MoreEthical Ethics Of An Ethical Corporation Is Not An Oxymoron1645 Words   |  7 Pagesrespect, responsibility, fairness, (Chatov, 1980). Consider questions like, is it ethical to take office supplies from work for home use, or is it ethical to use company time for personal business? What is ethical behavior? The meaning of a code ethics in the workplace for most; is to conform to accepted basic standards ethical conduct and especially professional conduct when dealing with data, e. g. scientific research, accurate statistics. In other words, ethics is putting principles into actionsRead MoreTo Cheat Is To â€Å"Gain An Advantage Over Or Deprive Of Something1035 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced engineer named James Liang. His company of employment, Volkswagen, asked him and his team to make a new diesel engine that would sell well in America. Unfortunately, they ran into issues of making a design that would stay under U.S. emission standards. Under tight secrecy, Mr. Liang was looking to gain an advantage in working around the issue. They were able to make a device that they could hide and connect to the engine. T he programming on the device hid the emissions of their diesel enginesRead MoreThe Normative Foundations Of Public Service Ethics832 Words   |  4 Pagesthought to be ethical or moral are described in terms of their values in regards to honesty, integrity and good character. Our ethical conduct originates from our values which are greatly influenced by our morals; they provide guidance and are our standard for the ways in which we carry out and view right and wrong decisions. For these reasons, personal ethics are said to be our foundation and, as such, often influence how we administer ethical codes of conduct in our personal lives, and the ways inRead MorePersonal Statement On Values And Morals927 Words   |  4 PagesValues and morals are an integral part of life; values define who we are on a personal and professional level. My personal and professional values are similar but are used differently on a personal and professional level. In this code of ethics I have identified my core values as respect, honesty, loyalty, integrity, professionalism, and responsibility. Developing a code of ethics has provided me with an opportunity to reflect on my values and evaluate how I turn those values into action. PersonalRead MoreAn Ethical Organization On Business Environment Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In today’s business environment, it is imperative that organizations develop strategies that allow it to operate in an ethical fashion (Hill, Jones, Schilling, 2014, p. 379). This entails developing a code of ethical standards that dictate the accepted principles of decision-making, stakeholder interaction, management style, among a myriad of other elements of organizational operations. For those organizations that take a stakeholder management approach, operating in an ethical fashionRead MoreWatchmen: What Makes a Hero?1566 Words   |  7 Pagesa distinct moral code, demonstrating the complexities of morality and challenging the idea that good is separate of evil. By critiquing the moral judgments of Rorschach, the standardizations of good and evil will be deconstructed, proving that the differences between what makes a hero or villain cannot be identified. Whether an action is â€Å"morally correct†, or whether the ends justify the means, rests with individual int erpretation. In order to achieve justice, Rorschach follows moral absolutism,Read MoreTeleological Perspectives Are Based On Various Religious Principles And Moral Standards971 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious religious principles and moral standards. With numerous religions world-wide the application of teleological theories are virtually impossible to use in a broad sense. For example, many religions forbid medical care and in this case would nullify the situation all together. Pellegrino’s principles for the application of teleological morals to the use of modern medicine, allows for health care needs to be met without the compromise of one’s teleological moral standards. Along with the acceptance

Marketers Persue the Shallow Pocketed Free Essays

Is the information being discussed in this article another example of colonialism? Why or why not? Identify two potential positives and two negatives direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies. What theory of development is most applicable to the expansion of global markets to poor, low income, and indigenous communities? After reading the information in chapter 8 and the information in the article, â€Å"Marketers pursue the shallow pocketed†, it is my conclusion that the information being discussed in this article is a clear example of colonialism. As stated in the textbook, Colonialism tended to deprive a society not only of its wealth and freedom, but also of its very character, leaving the local people intellectually and morally disoriented (Fanon, 1963), this is a lot like the article which shows that marketing to the poor has become a very hot subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketers Persue the Shallow Pocketed or any similar topic only for you Order Now Identify two potential positives and two negatives direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies. One positive thing that direct marketing of the poor has on people and their economies is that the people will be able to purchase items they need and want at lower prices. Another positive aspect of direct marketing is that the economy improves as more money is being spent. One of the negative aspects of direct marketing is that products will be provided in excess however the items may be of a lower quality, and the second negative aspect is that the poor people are being encouraged to purchase unnecessarily and perhaps overindulging in things that are not necessarily needed. RESOURCES: Nowak, B. , amp; Laird, P. , (2010), Cultural Anthropology- 8. 2: Modern States: Industrialization and the Global World: Economy   Retrieved from https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUANT101. 10. 2/sections/sec8. 2 How to cite Marketers Persue the Shallow Pocketed, Papers

Cowgirl Chocolates free essay sample

Her product development was based on the input of her friends and family, which represents a skewed and too small sample of the population. In addition, Marilyn is cutting out the biggest portion of her target market by naming her product Cowgirl Chocolates and making the brand label May Lillie. Therefore, the branding is not appealing to men, which constitute the biggest portion of her target market. Before spending money on advertising, a target market has to be defined and the proper channels to reach that target market. Advertising without a clearly defined target market is inefficient and wastes company resources.Giving samples will help establish a base of awareness of her product and the acquired taste but this has an inherent cost involved. Secondary Problems Marilyn’s lack of resources poses a great problem because without sufficient resources she will not be able to expand her business and increase sales. We will write a custom essay sample on Cowgirl Chocolates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cowgirl Chocolates lack the resources to become a large company they desire to become. Financially Cowgirl Chocolate does not have the resources to operate at full potential. The company is using revenue generated from Marilyn’s artwork, a small loan, and her personal savings to operate the company. Expenses completely overshadow her revenue of $30,000 while expenses were $50,000. This lack of funds give little to no room for promotional activity, a product that is as unique as spicy chocolates needs to have promotional abilities. Staff resources are minimal; Marilyn is the main source of production of her company. She does everything by herself, from the packaging and shipping the product to design and making the chocolate. This leaves Marilyn little time to expand to bigger ideas and meet with possible investors. She is devoting her time to the tedious work required to produce the product.Positioning of her product is the key to its success. Another problem is the distribution channels that the company uses. The lack of sales deterred Seattle Chocolates from agreeing to manage the wholesale operations for Cowgirl Chocolates. â€Å"They were not interested in taking this on at the present time†¦because they were not really sure where the market was for the product. † Marilyn also knew she had to increase sales before Seattle Chocolates would consider such an arrangement. However, the company is lacking a clear understanding of where the product should be sold, and which distribution channel will bring the greatest sales.Currently Marylin’s strategy is to directly gain placements in retail stores one after the other. Marylin does not have the expertise and connections in distribution to gain product placements in stores. Marylin is currently trying to perform all tasks that a wholesaler would do such as promotion, negotiation, matching, physical distribution and risk taking. A wholesaler would perform those tasks better, cheaper, and more efficient and effective than Marylin ever could. One example of this is Marylin not being paid for her chocolates by a local vendor and having them returned after months.Although the Cowgirl Chocolates website is responsible for a third of total sales, it lacks crucial features. The website does not have the ability to track repeat customers and does not know how customers found her website. Although Marilyn advertises on other websites and portals there is no tracking and she does not know how effective each channel is, and how many customers it brings to the site. There is no knowledge what search terms customers that found her site were using. That way there is no data on whether the Cowgirl Chocolates website is competing with other chocolate companies, spicy foods, or online gift stores.The website would be the cheapest way to gather market research and further identify a target market. An additional problem is Marilyn’s pricing strategy. Cowgirl Chocolate is premium gourmet chocolate in special packaging that makes it stand out from the rest of the competition. Furthermore, it is a new and unusual product. Marilyn states that she is unsure on how to price her product. Cowgirl Chocolate is sold in overpriced spicy food specialty stores, upscale gourmet food stores, and even the grocery stores. Marilyn could not identify a trend on how pricing affect sales.This does not come as a surprise because the product is new and customers are still unaware of it. Cowgirl Chocolates should be sold at a premium price. However, in the current stage of the product cycle the company needs to create customer trial. The way to accomplish this is to offer promotions, for example by offering in store promotions, coupons, coupons and/or mail in rebates. Again, those tasks should be handled by a wholesaler. Furthermore, Cowgirl Chocolates advertising is ineffective since there is no clear defined target market. Marilyn advertises randomly in different magazines using ads created by a friend and not a professional advertising agency. Marilyn is unsure herself if the advertisement will actually increase sales or not, even though it will cost thousands of dollars. Again, market research is missing to direct advertising to the right channels and reach the target audience, with the right ads that will increase customer trial. The company currently advertises the product year round, when it should concentrate more on advertising during the peak seasons of Christmas and Valentine’s Day.The company needs to have more product information in the advertisements. Recommendations To establish a target market we recommend that Cowgirl Chocolate should add more features to the website. The website should be able track how customers found the website, track orders and repeat customers, and gather such information as demographics. By tracking purchases, Cowgirl Chocolates will be able to send out promotional emails, for example customers could be informed about a special sale, given a discount code, or just be informed about new product creations or gift ideas.Additionally, a short survey should be added after the purchase is completed to gather valuable customer information (see appendix for sample survey questions). This would be the cheapest method of doing market research and establishing a target market. By tracking customers, the company will also determine who its main competitors are. Cowgirl Chocolates could be competing with other premium chocolate manufacturers, spicy packaged food, or gift websites. Another advantage of using the internet as a distribution channel is that Cowgirl Chocolates can be sold internationally.Markets in other countries can be entered with little to no initial investment. This will again offer opportunity to feel out markets in other countries that could be physically entered at a future point of time. Secondly, Marilyn should put effort on finding a wholesaler for her product that will take over crucial tasks that she is currently trying to perform all by herself. A good wholesaler will not only take risk of Marilyn’s hands by buying greater quantities at once, but will also fight for placement in stores and offer promotions to boost initial sales.A good wholesaler will select the right distribution channels and retail outlets using years of experience and expertise that Marilyn is lacking. Using a wholesaler will free up some time for Marilyn and allow her to concentrate on other aspects of her business like product creation and design. Half of the product portfolio currently only constitutes for 5% of total sales. These products should be discontinued since a wholesaler will most likely not carry them. Using the market research gathered from the Cowgirl Chocolate website, Marylin can effectively advertise by choosing the right channels and targeting the right customers. An advertising budget can be set apart and adjusted to the seasons with the highest sales. More emphasis should be placed on seasonal advertising such as during Christmas, Easter, or Valentine’s Day to take advantage of the gift aspect of Cowgirl Chocolates. We recommend that Cowgirl Chocolate sell their chocolate to spicy food restaurant for them to give to customers at the end of their meal.This would create more product awareness among consumers who already enjoy spicy foods. In addition to the internet and wholesale business, this can be a third distribution channel. Finally, we recommend that Marilyn should capitalize on effective free marketing, such as a local newspaper or news programs and have them run a story on her product. The cookbook would be a good form of promotion for her product. Marilyn could use it to generate more customer awareness and include recipes for different uses of the Cowgirl Chocolate. Cowgirl Chocolates free essay sample In order for Marilyn Lysohir to determine the best method of reaching ideal profitability for her product line Cowgirl Chocolates, she would want to consider using cost-based pricing. Utilizing this method would afford Marilyn the ability to determine the best marketing strategy to increase her profit margin. Based on product status and pricing she would have to determine her best strategy and whether that would be to price market her product for a traditional lower cost share or for the higher end customer who are willing to pay more for premium products. By pricing and marketing Cowgirl Chocolates as a high-end premium product, Marilyn would have the flexibility of charging more thus enhancing her profit margin. There would also be the margin of cost that would allow her to absorb the overhead cost of marketing in Chile Magazine towards the price of the high-end product. Using the cost based pricing method would allow Marilyn a higher profit margin on her top selling high-end products. We will write a custom essay sample on Cowgirl Chocolates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Cost-based pricing uses manufacturing or production costs as its basis for pricing. The cost-based pricing company uses its costs to find a price floor and a price ceiling. The floor and the ceiling are the minimum and maximum prices for a specific product or service; they serve as a price range. If the market conditions are such that the going competitive price is under the price floor, the company may price at the floor or attempt to lower its costs to lower the floor. But ideally, the company should price somewhere in between the floor and the ceiling, according to the McDonough School of Business. Many companies that produce in masses use this pricing strategy, such as companies that produce textiles, food products and building materials† (Rawes, 2014). An alternative method would be that of demand based pricing method. This tactic of pricing would allow Marilyn to product analysis of what she sells the most and thus produce more of the product in higher demand. This is in contrast to the cost demand method. â€Å"Demand-based pricing, also known as customer-based pricing, is any pricing method that uses consumer demand based on perceived value as the central element. These include: price skimming, price discrimination, psychological pricing, bundle pricing, penetration pricing, and value-based pricing† (Boundless, 2014). Based on the demand-based pricing strategy, Marilyn should streamline her product line and reduce products that are under performers and adjust the pricing of those that are selling t higher demand. Competition-based pricing would have Marilyn determine prices by what others who sell similar products charge for the products. â€Å"Competition-based pricing is the second-most-popular price-setting approach. Managers sometimes refer to this approach as strategic pricing, although it is not particularly strategic. When taking this approach, a firm simply checks out its competitions price and then sets the price of its own product at about the same level, plus or minus a few percent† ( Raju Zhang, 2010). Cowgirl Chocolates should be priced at an equivalent value to competitors in efforts to determine the products that trigger better sales and slowly increase the price in order to reach optimal profitability. Marilyn can consider four options when determining the pricing of her products. One would be the cost-based pricing method. Another option is demand-based pricing that entails Marilyn eliminating under sellers and producing those products that have a higher demand. Alternatively, by pricing products equal with her competitors in efforts to optimize product movement and still have customer loyalty. Marilyn could also strategize her product marketability by deeming her product as high-end in efforts to sell the Cowgirl Chocolates at a higher price to make a profit. Based on the marketing options presented and list of products offered, it is recommended that Marilyn increase her profit margin on her products by following the demand-based pricing method and eliminate those products that are not moving (not as profitable) and concentrate on those products that will enhance profitability.

Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids, Smog, Oxides

Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. CAUSES Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non?ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. NO DEFENCE Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre?Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. ACID The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka?Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar. Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.? ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....? Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic imbalances. COST OF ACID RAIN Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals. In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000 lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2 million a year fishing industry. ? Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965, time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall. Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half Acid Rain Essays - Inorganic Solvents, Mineral Acids, Smog, Oxides Acid Rain Acid rain is a serious problem with disastrous effects. Each day this serious problem increases, many people believe that this issue is too small to deal with right now this issue should be met head on and solved before it is too late. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the impact has on the wildlife and how our atmosphere is being destroyed by acid rain. CAUSES Acid rain is a cancer eating into the face of Eastern Canada and the North Eastern United States. In Canada, the main sulphuric acid sources are non(c)ferrous smelters and power generation. On both sides of the border, cars and trucks are the main sources for nitric acid(about 40% of the total), while power generating plants and industrial commercial and residential fuel combustion together contribute most of the rest. In the air, the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can be transformed into sulphuric acid and nitric acid, and air current can send them thousands of kilometres from the source.When the acids fall to the earth in any form it will have large impact on the growth or the preservation of certain wildlife. NO DEFENCE Areas in Ontario mainly southern regions that are near the Great Lakes, such substances as limestone or other known antacids can neutralize acids entering the body of water thereby protecting it. However, large areas of Ontario that are near the Pre(c)Cambrian Shield, with quartzite or granite based geology and little top soil, there is not enough buffering capacity to neutralize even small amounts of acid falling on the soil and the lakes. Therefore over time, the basic environment shifts from an alkaline to a acidic one. This is why many lakes in the Muskoka, Haliburton, Algonquin, Parry Sound and Manitoulin districts could lose their fisheries if sulphur emissions are not reduced substantially. ACID The average mean of pH rainfall in Ontario's Muskoka(c)Haliburton lake country ranges between 3.95 and 4.38 about 40 times more acidic than normal rainfall, while storms in Pennsilvania have rainfall pH at 2.8 it almost has the same rating for vinegar. Already 140 Ontario lakes are completely dead or dying. An additional 48 000 are sensitive and vulnerable to acid rain due to the surrounding concentrated acidic soils.? ACID RAIN CONSISTS OF....? Canada does not have as many people, power plants or automobiles as the United States, and yet acid rain there has become so severe that Canadian government officials called it the most pressing environmental issue facing the nation. But it is important to bear in mind that acid rain is only one segment, of the widespread pollution of the atmosphere facing the world. Each year the global atmosphere is on the receiving end of 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 130 million tons of suffer dioxide, 97 million tons of hydrocarbons, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, more than three million tons of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc and other toxic metals, and a host of synthetic organic compounds ranging from polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) to toxaphene and other pesticides, a number of which may be capable of causing cancer, birth defects, or genetic imbalances. COST OF ACID RAIN Interactions of pollutants can cause problems. In addition to contributing to acid rain, nitrogen oxides can react with hydrocarbons to produce ozone, a major air pollutant responsible in the United States for annual losses of $2 billion to 4.5 billion worth of wheat, corn, soyabeans, and peanuts. A wide range of interactions can occur many unknown with toxic metals. In Canada, Ontario alone has lost the fish in an estimated 4000 lakes and provincial authorities calculate that Ontario stands to lose the fish in 48 500 more lakes within the next twenty years if acid rain continues at the present rate.Ontario is not alone, on Nova Scotia's Eastern most shores, almost every river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean is poisoned with acid. Further threatening a $2 million a year fishing industry. ? Acid rain is killing more than lakes. It can scar the leaves of hardwood forest, wither ferns and lichens, accelerate the death of coniferous needles, sterilize seeds, and weaken the forests to a state that is vulnerable to disease infestation and decay. In the soil the acid neutralizes chemicals vital for growth, strips others from the soil and carries them to the lakes and literally retards the respiration of the soil. The rate of forest growth in the White Mountains of New Hampshire has declined 18% between 1956 and 1965, time of increasingly intense acidic rainfall. Acid rain no longer falls exclusively on the lakes, forest, and thin soils of the Northeast it now covers half the continent. EFFECTS There

Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Placement

Adverbs of Frequency Sentence Placement Adverbs of frequency tell us how often something happens/is the case, happened/was the case, will happen/will be the case, etc. There are lots of them. Here are some examples: always - Peter is always getting into trouble.usually - They usually get their work done on time.frequently - My sister frequently goes shopping in Seattle.rarely - They rarely ask questions about the homework. Most Common Adverbs of Frequency The most common adverbs of frequency in English in order from most often to least often: always - He always does his homework.usually - They usually complete the work on time.often - I often watch movies online.sometimes - Jack sometimes comes over for dinner.  occasionally - She occasionally asks a question.rarely - They rarely have any homework.never - I never complain at work.   Where Do They Appear in the Sentence? Word order can be confusing with adverbs of frequency. Here are different rules for placement in sentences. 1. In a Sentence With One Verb If the sentence has one verb in it (e.g. no auxiliary verb) we usually put the adverb in the middle of the sentence, i.e. after the subject and before the verb: subject / adverb / verb / predicate Tom usually goes to work by car.Mary often asks me for help.   2.  Usually After the Verb Be The adverb usually comes after the verb be: subject / verb / adverb / predicate Tom is often late.Anne isnt usually sick.Peter isnt always right. This is not the case if we put the adverb at the beginning or end of the sentence for emphasis. This rule also does not apply to short answers: Is she usually on time?Tell her not to be late.Yes, she usually is.She never is. The rule is broken in other cases too, e.g. Conversation 1 Speaker A: What are you doing here? Shouldnt you be at school?Speaker B: I normally am at school at this time, but my teacher is ill.   Conversation 2 Speaker A: Youre late again!Speaker B: usually am late on Mondays because the traffic is so bad. Conversation 3 Speaker A: Tom is late again!Speaker B: Tom usually is late.   3. In a Sentence With More Than One Verb If the sentence has more than one verb in it (e.g. auxiliary verb) we usually put the adverb after the first part of the verb: subject / helping verb or modal / adverb / main verb / predicate I can never remember his name.Anne doesnt usually smoke.The children have often complained about the playground facilities. Exception: In sentences with have to the adverb is in position A: subject / adverb / have to / main verb / predicate We often have to wait for the bus.She never has to do any housework.They sometimes have to stay after class.   4. When Using for Emphasis For emphasis, we can put the adverb at the beginning or end of the sentence. At the end is unusual - we usually only put it there when we have forgotten to put it in earlier. adverb / subject / main verb / predicate Sometimes we go to school by bus.Often he waits for her after class.Usually, Peter arrives early for work. or subject / main verb / predicate / adverb We go to school by bus sometimes.They like to watch TV often.Jennifer buys a new car rarely. Exceptions: Always cant go at the beginning or end of the sentence. Never, seldom, rarely cant go at the end of a sentence. They only go at the beginning of a sentence in polemic statements. Then they have to be followed by the word order for questions: Never has there been a better time to overcome our differences.Rarely do we have an opportunity like this.Seldom had the orchestra given a worse performance.   5. In Question Form When using adverbs of frequency in the question form, put the adverb before the main verb. auxiliary verb / subject / adverb / main verb / predicate Do you often go to the cinema?Did he sometimes leave the classroom?Do they usually come late to class? Exceptions: Never, seldom, rarely and other adverbs of frequency with a negative sense are not usually used in the question form. 6. In the Negative Form When using adverbs of frequency in the negative form, put the adverb before the main verb. subject / helping verb / adverb / main verb / predicate They dont often go to the cinema.She doesnt usually wait for an answer.Peter doesnt normally want to come with us.   Exceptions: Never, seldom, rarely and other adverbs of frequency with a negative sense are not usually used in the negative form.

Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair Article

Use of simulated learning in Radiology. Current state of affair - Article Example Simulator models are effective in environments that are risk-free in training skills. The models also help to improve the safety of the patients in radiology training. The Board of surgery in America has made it mandatory for surgeon trainees to undergo a simulation test before taking the summative examination. It will become an essential tool for medical practitioners just as it is for pilots (Levine, 2013: Collins, & Stern, 2008). Researchers are looking for ways of integrating technology and knowledge from areas like surgery and anesthesia to the field of radiology. Paige argues that many programmes of teaching prefer having residents to learn with simulators for time maximization with patients. Simulation aids residents in developing confidence when it comes to dealing with infrequent events that are critical. Simulation can be well merged with interventional radiology (IR) given that IR is procedural (Pasler, 1992: Patel & Joseph, 2012: Bessemer & Myers, 1998). After internalizing basic skills like tying knots, residents can advance to use of virtual reality machines which stimulate procedures like selective arterial catheterization. Embolism is one of the events that can arise and it can be dealt with through simulation. Training by simulation has performed a major role in reliability and performance improvement in radiology and medical organizations by reduction of human factors. Simulation focuses on decision making, training of clinical teams, safety of patients and management of errors. The training of teams is viewed in a multi-disciplinary way. It should be able to respond to the changing radiology environment. Advancements in teamwork have resulted to high job satisfaction, high efficiency, increased productivity and safer ways of patient care. Simulation, when integrated in radiology programmes helps to train and acts as a remedy to limited

Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance - Research Paper Example This however, has led to utilizing the stock exchange indicators of the three distinctive countries i.e. Abu Dhabi, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. We ascertain that all the preceding three markets eliminates aught supposition that the returns adopt a convention statistical distribution. Additionally, we get hold that hypothesis bearing on to haphazard walk and feeble form efficiency of the three GCC countries and its markets is declined for all three issues including variegation benefits, based on the correlation statistics of returns. From the analytic thinking, we restates that the necessitate for an incorporated DCC stock market should be availed since the results and suggestions have fuller entailments due to security psychoanalysis, adorning community, securities market and other regulatory authorities in their policy decisions to improve their capital market performance. However, this field research entailed market efficiency, Random walk Kolmogorov-smimov test, Runs test for randomne ss which was articulated to find out the market analysis of the three GCC countries. Introduction Stock exchange, act as a determinant persona in cementing the relationship between the investors and the embodied sector (Solink, 2003). In this appendage, they alleviate in marshaling the economies of people and channelize them to the increment of trade, commercialism and industrialized sectors of an economic system. In a nutshell, stock markets caper a significant purpose in capital establishment and avail fuel economical maturation in the country. Considering it from the investor’s viewpoint, securities market cognitive operation are frequently equated to operations in adventuring dens, and the investors anticipate the flop winning schemes employing infinite processes and methods at liberty. All the same, the investor’s elemental target is to rally the market in spite of the fact that most off times investors are channelized by the persuasions of faith and phobic disord er. Notwithstanding, intellectual investors like to bid dependable and adorn their hand-earned net worth optimally. Those investors look for devised entropy and coherent abstract thought backed up by technological ways and techniques, since the two blossom circumstances of sensible investors are the risk and return inherently deliver in a security, guidance on deciding the correct stock based on scientific formula aspiring a boon to the investors. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) The GCC commercialize analytic thinking of the three countries will be examined in reference to effective market hypothesis (EMH) and also through Random walk hypothesis (RWH). Unlike the efficient market hypothesis, this principal sum arrogates that the stock prices align rapidly to the new information, and thus, current prices in full reflect all available information. Furthermore, the Efficient Market hypothesis is classified into three sub assumption subject on the information set involved (Farma, 1988 ). The efficient market possibility all the same, avers that whenever the markets are efficient, then it ought to constitute almost impossible for an investor to exceed the market on a corroborated footing. Even though defluxions will occur and there will be periods when securities are all over or depreciated, these anomalousness’s are expected to go away as quickly as they came along, thus coming through almost impossible to profit from them

Organisational Site Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Organisational Site Assessment - Essay Example The great wealth of history and traditions can still be seen everywhere from its shore to the tops of its high and ragged mountains. Bait Al Zubair houses one of Oman's finest and most comprehensive collections of antiques from all over the Sultanate. Anyone interested in learning more about Omani culture will definitely want to add this museum to his or her itinerary. Its displays include traditional Omani weaponry, jewellery, costumes, domestic utensils and recreated urban and rural environments. There is a coffee shop and souvenir shop selling a unique range of items most of which are based on the museum collection. A library that can be used for reference only by appointment, it offers a chance for scholars and researchers to extend their knowledge of Oman. Friendly Omani guides are on hand to explain the exhibits and add a real sense of discovery to Oman's culture and traditions. When I arrived at Baiz Al Zubair Museum for the first time for placement, I was supplied a document containing an introduction to Bait Al Zubair, current roles Performed by Bait Al Zubair, my Job description, experience required, staff organization chart and general guidelines to working at Bait Al Zubair. Bait Al Zubair Museum is an exhibition of a private collection that uses the wealth of Oman's historical past to explain the collection rather than vice versa. It can be considered as the Al Zubair family's private tribute to Oman. Bait Al Zubair Museum is located in Al Saidiya Street in old Muscat. One goes through Muscat Gate and it's just after the bend on the right-hand side of the road (opposite Bait Muzna Gallery) and just before the HSBC Bank. This privately-run Museum also has a traditional Omani "town house" (tours 1730 hours daily) and a small gift/book shop. Exhibitions are sometimes held there from Saturdays to Thursdays at 0900-1300 hours and 1600-1900 hours but Closes on Fridays. Entrance fee are: RO1.000 (Foreigners); 500 baizas (Omanis) and 250 baizas (children). The Arts Advisor at Bait Al Zubair museum is a Brit called Sarah White. She studied fine arts at undergraduate and postgraduate levels at the University of West England, Bristol and the Royal College of Art (RCA) respectively. After graduating, she worked as an artist, supporting herself through commissions, exhibitions and teaching. She also represented Britain in the Best of British Artists exhibition in Sweden as well as exhibiting in prominent London art galleries such as Flowers-East. While on visit to Oman where her father was working for a prominent family business, Sarah met Mohammad Zubair (advisor to His Majesty Sultan Qaboos for Economic Planning Affairs) who requested her to catalogue the Zubair family's private collection. This led to her being involved with the inception, development and execution of the concept of the Bait Al Zubair Museum, which exhibits the collection. Muscat is the capital of Oman since 1784 and has a great deal of charm and character and offers the combination of the relaxed atmosphere of an Indian Ocean town set amongst the well ordered life of a modern oil state. The original town of Muscat forms but a fraction of the

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay Shamanism is a huge factor in most traditional religions, some of which include the Africans, Native Americans, many parts of Asia, as well as other cultures. Although the definition of a shaman differs from one region to the next, the general dictionary definition of a shaman is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible spirit world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural events. The term shaman originated in the Mongol and Turkish area and is translated literally as one who knows which connects to their knowledge of the ways to manipulate spirits and magic. With Shamanism being involved in so many different cultures, its difficult to give it just one definition, so in this paper I will go through a few of the cultures and explain their specific definition of shamanism and the different aspects involved in African traditional religions. African Shamanism There are many different aspects to African shamanism. The main definition of shamanism in Africa has a good connotation and usually involves manipulation of spirits or earthly substances to heal, direct, or do beneficial work for others. Some of the specific names of these shamans are rainmakers or heaven herders, herbalists or medicine men, and diviners. Not all people use their sources for good works, and when a shaman begins using his or her techniques for evil doings, they then acquire the name of witch or sorcerer. Such is the case in most other cultures as well. There are two distinctive traditional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They have many similarities as well as differences. The Zulu stick mostly to the hills because of their geographical location, and in turn consider hills to have spiritual significance. Because hills have such special meaning, the Zulu build their towns, or kraals, on the hillsides in a circular formation with the gates facing east (do to significance of the sun), the herd in the center of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane has a lot of influence on the tribe. He holds the political, social and religious leader roles over the whole tribe, and is often a diviner. The headman of each Zulu kraal is the chief official of the village and also that person most directly responsible for the performance of the ritual acts expected of all Zulu, especially those that address the ancestors.  [1]  Besides solving disputes or making decisions within his kraal, one of the umnumzanes main roles is contact with the ancestors. He will perform all the rituals and such things to please the ancestors for everyone within his kraal. The ancestors play a huge part in Zulu beliefs and so the role of the umnumzane is very important. The people want to keep the ancestors happy so that they will continue to have good fortune in their lives. According to most African traditional religions, the ancestors do not cause misfortune, but other people do. The authority system is quite similar in the Yoruba tribes. Their political, social and religious leader is one and the same, but rather than having a settlement on a hillside where the rituals involve all of the community under one leader, the religious obligations are put on the head of the family, or the olori ebi, and that person does the communication with the ancestors, and keeps them happy and such. Each family has its own shrine. The community still gets together as a whole to perform religious ceremonies, but it is more focused on the family. Divination is used to determine solutions to problems, to depict reasons of misfortune, or even to predict the future. In the Zulu culture, diviners must be called by means of a dream or vision that is followed by aches, pains, or other bodily dysfunctions. Anyone can become a diviner, although typically women occupy the position. Once called, the person will need to be trained by an experienced diviner. The Yoruba are a bit different with their diviner. They have a priestly cast, and one part of the caste called the Orunmila specifically use divination practices to contact one particular god for answers. Like the Zulu though, the one that will become a diviner will go through extensive training from an experienced diviner. Diviners in both circumstances have many means of doing their work. They can use elements such as water, fire, bones, sticks, etc. to find their answers, and with these objects, they have created means of interpreting the signs from each. In some circumstances, the diviners will allow themselves to be in a trance that allows them to communicate with the spirits, or even be possessed by the spirits in order to find the answers for their clients, but typically the diviners are the ones manipulating the spirits and getting their knowledge rather than being used by the spirits. Once people have determined what their problem is from the diviner, they then go to a herbalist for a remedy. Herbalists could easily be translated to doctors and serve the same role in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were trained to know well which herbs or remedies worked for the different circumstances. Part of the traditional religions is that spirits live in many of the nature elements, and so herbalists used this theology in their works as well. They would use certain plants or locations because of the spiritual elements involved, and would manipulate the spirits in such a way to cure their client. Whereas most diviners are women, most herbalists are men. Knowledge of medicine is usually handed down from father to son.  [2]  Along with the passed on knowledge, herbalists were always open to new information. This includes realistic information, as well as spiritual insights. Another form of spirit manipulation in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or heaven herders. Heaven herders are always men, and have to be called in some way by the Sky God. Their job is to control where storms and such go. They are said to be disciples of the Sky God, as well as a medium between the people and the Sky God. With cattle and agriculture being a huge part of the Zulu culture, it makes sense that the sky is handled as cattle are, and that the weather needs to be controlled for the sake of those who own raise crops to feed the people. The Yoruba hold no such position, although they do also worship a similar god with their priestly cast. They (diviners) are not the only supernaturally inspired helpers people turn to for advice. Many consuld mediums who communicate with spirits while in a trance. Some may be possessed only once or twice in their lifetime, but others claim to be in regular contact with one or more familiars that they can identify by name.  [3]  The Yoruba called these people elegun. Among the Zulu, only the diviner could do such, but the with the Yoruba, anyone could be used as a medium; they did not need to be a diviner. The Yoruba also have people that are called the egungun. The egungun are masked dancers that perform for the ancestors. They have special masks that are connected spiritually to the ancestors and are said to have great power. Only men are allowed to be egungun, with the exception of one woman, who is the director or dresser. One has to earn the title of egungun by going through a certain process. While most of those positions are very open to the public and or the good of the community, some people misuse their abilities. Such people are called witches or sorcerers. Since the peoples believe that the spirits do not cause any harm, all bad things are supposedly a result from witches and sorcerers. According to the Zulu, someone could be a witch without realizing it. Their very presence would bring misfortune to those around them. In most cases though, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that use their talents for evil. They twist the system from using their powers mischievously. They work secretively, and usually only at nights. Although trying to differentiate between witches and sorcerers is difficult, there are a few small means of differing them. Sorcerers tend to work alone where as witches will gather together at night and work as a team. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is the ability to shape-shift. There one story of sorcerer luring a woman to fall in love with him. He offered to marry her, and on their trip back to his village the stopped for the night. During the night he transformed into a lion in order to eat her. Luckily for her, her brother did not trust the man and followed them, and proceeded to protect his sister from being eaten. Other stories tell of sorcerers taking on the form of an owl for means of escaping their house silently and unknowingly. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is their ability to use the undead. They can kill a person using their black magic, and then use the persons dead body for their own use. Witches are most often depicted as using voodoo, charms and curses. Voodoo involves acquiring a part of someone, such as a hair, nail, or something of the sort, and it is added to a certain object that the witch makes. The part of the person connects them to the witches object, and the witch is able to toy with the person in this way. Charms could be an object that has been chanted over and charged with magic. A charm could be a piece of paper with a chant written on it that could be worn, or a charm could simply be a chant itself used in moments of needed protection or other. Most often, people would get charms to protect themselves from witches curses. The last main thing that witches use is curses. Curses, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a worry of average people for longer than history can tell. Often it is a chant said with emotion over a person to bring misfortune on them. They can be spoken in an unknown language, which is said to have more impact on th e target. Native American Shamanism Native American shamanism is similar in a lot of ways, as well as different in a lot of ways. Shamans are viewed in a good way, where their work is for the better of the community. Each nation had spiritual leaders and healers each one had different beliefs of what practices were done. The Lakota believed that their spiritual leaders were in constant communication with Wakan Tanka or The Great Spirit. Their role was to seek spiritual enlightenment and secure the tribes good graces with the spirit world. They were healers of the mind and body.  [4]  They have healers-which is the same idea as herbalists-diviners, and mediators, as well as witchcraft. Native Americans have strong ties with animals though. To the Native Americans, the medicine men are not so much magical in their works, but they are knowledgeable people who have a greater understanding and like to think. Their natural abilities make them suitable to be medicine men. Medicine men more frequently appeared in tribes that were able to be open and exchange thoughts and knowledge with other tribes. Most often fathers would pass down knowledge to their sons and so the title stayed within the family that way. The Native American divination practices differed from that of the Africans. They often used stars, and things of nature to determine the answers that were sought. Sometimes they would use a pipe, and the answers would come through their opened mind from the smoke. They still used divination in the same way as the Africans, so use the spirits to find answers for their clients. Witchcraft, although not the technical title, in the Native American tribes had a much different feel though. Rather than voodoo and curses, the Native American bad shamans worked with charms and animals. The charms again were certain made objects that had been charged with power, and were used to protect the person from evil and misfortune. The Native Americans had an interesting relationship with animals. A power animal protects you physically and provides you with emotional support, wisdom, and vital energy. Some people think a power animal is a spirit being that stays with you because it cares for you and enjoys being able to experience life in a physical body. Others think a power animal is a symbol for ones subconscious wisdom. Almost everybody has a power animal; some have several. (Perhaps you had an invisible animal friend as a child or have always been fascinated with a particular kind of animal. This animal may be your power animal.) A person may in the course of life lose contact with the power animal, thereby losing the animals protection, wisdom, and energy. If you lose contact with your power animal, you may feel dispirited, you may become sick easily, or you may be accident-prone. The shamanic healing technique of power animal retrieval can restore a persons connection to a power animal. A person can also journey to find his or her own power animal.  [5]  With this emphasis on animals, often the bad shamans could be connected shape-shifters that caused issues. The main evil in Native American beliefs was evil spirits. With a belief in the ancestor spirits and animism, the Native Americans had to always keep all the spirits happy, and misfortune was often cause by spirits, thus the need for protective charms and shared power of animal spirits. Conclusion Despite having minimal contact between these 2 cultures, it is surprising that they share such similar roles. On the other hand, this shows the nature of humans over all with paranoia of spirits and bad luck, as well as the respect for ancestors. Shamanism is a big part of both cultures, and has many different aspects to it.

Long-Term Structural Change Essay -- Organizational Change, Change Pro

A lot of organizations initiate change programs and action plans that vanish after a while but have had, it’s hoped, some impact on performance, even though one cannot be sure. The first challenge when initiating change is to make sure that every employee understands that this business system is not an action plan; it’s a faith that is about what should characterize a really good company, and there are no option to this faith. It is important to put a lot of effort into making everybody understand this (Ahlberg & Nauclà ©r, 2007). Long-term structural change has four characteristics: scale which is the change that affects all or most of the organization, magnitude which entails significant alterations of the status quo, duration or the length of time it lasts, and strategic importance. Yet companies will garner the rewards only when change takes place at the level of the individual worker. There is no single methodology fits every company, but there is a set of practices, tools, and techniques that can be tailored to a variety of situations. Using a systematic, comprehensive framework, allows executives to understand what to expect, how to manage their own personal change, and how to engage the entire organization in the process (Jones, Aguirre & Calderone, 2004). An official approach for managing change that starts with the leadership team and then engages key stakeholders and leaders should be developed near the beginning, and modified frequently as change moves through the organization. Since change is intrinsically unsettling for people at all levels, when it is on the horizon, all eyes will turn to the CEO and the leadership team for strength, support, and direction. The leaders themselves must accept the new approach... ... of the outlook they seek to create, and the principles and guiding practise by which they hope to get there. The fourth discipline is team learning. Through methods like dialogue and skilful discussion, teams alter their collective thinking, learning to mobilize their energies and ability beyond the sum of individual members’ talents. The fifth discipline is systems thinking. In this discipline, people learn to better understand interdependency and change, and thus to deal more effectively with the forces that shape the consequences of actions (Green, 2007). This means that change must be driven by developing competence within the organization, by managers and workers in each unit creating and taking ownership of their change programs because they are motivated by pride in improving their professionalism and achieving better results (Ahlberg & Nauclà ©r, 2007).